Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Understanding a Leading Cause of Vision Loss

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive eye disease that affects the macula, the central part of the retina responsible for sharp, detailed vision. As the macula deteriorates, central vision becomes blurred or distorted, making tasks such as reading, driving, and recognizing faces more difficult. AMD is one of the leading causes of vision loss among adults over age 50.¹

Early stages of AMD may not cause noticeable symptoms, but as the disease progresses, individuals may experience:

Blurred or fuzzy central vision
Straight lines appearing wavy or distorted
Difficulty recognizing faces
Dark or empty areas in the center of vision²

Types of Age-Related Macular Degeneration

There are two primary forms of AMD:

Dry AMD: The most common type, dry AMD occurs when the macula gradually thins with age. Small yellow deposits called drusen can develop beneath the retina and contribute to progressive vision changes.³

Wet AMD: Wet AMD is less common but more severe. It develops when abnormal blood vessels grow beneath the retina and leak fluid or blood, which can damage the macula and cause rapid central vision loss.³

Risk Factors and Management

The strongest risk factor for AMD is increasing age, particularly after age 55. Other factors that may increase risk include:

Family history of AMD
Smoking
Cardiovascular conditions such as high blood pressure
Poor diet and limited physical activity

Although there is no cure for AMD, early diagnosis and treatment can help slow progression and preserve vision. Management strategies may include specialized vitamin supplements, medications for certain forms of the disease, and lifestyle changes that support overall eye health.⁴

Because symptoms can develop gradually, regular comprehensive eye exams are the best way to monitor changes in vision and detect AMD early.

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